Brain Machine Interface
Brain Machine Interface (BMI) is a domain concerning recording, interfacing and interpretation of the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a record of the electric signal generated by the cooperative action of brain cells, or more precisely, the time course of extracellular field potentials generated by their synchronous action. EEG can be measured by means of electrodes placed on the scalp or directly on the cortex. In the latter case, it is sometimes called electrocardiogram (ECOG). In a physiological sense, measured EEG power reflects the number of neurons that discharge synchronously. Because brain volume and the thickness of the cortical layer is positively correlated with intelligence, it is tempting to assume that EEG power too, is a measure that reflects the capacity or performance of cortical information processing. There are five types of waves in human brain namely alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma rays. EEG captures these waves generated in human brain while thinking in order to give stimulus to machine.
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording from the surface of the scalp generated by many biopotentials in the cerebrum of the brain. More specifically, it is a recording of the action potentials and the postsynaptic potentials of cortical cells. Since we are recording from the surface of the scalp,we are measuring potentials from many cells at the same time. The potentials of the neurons in the brain can vary as a function of the emotional, mental, or physiological state of the person. At first glance, EEG data may look like a noisy signal which can be separated into different components of brain waves using advanced signal processing techniques.Alpha waves are generally found in the EEG when the individual is awake in a quiet, resting state with their eyes closed. During sleep, however, the alpha waves disappear. Beta waves appear when the individual performs some specific type of mental activity or are attentive to an external stimulus.
Theta waves occur mainly in the parietal and temporal regions. These occur sometimes during emotional stress and often in degenerative brain states. Delta waves are the very low frequency components of an EEG. Deep sleep and certain brain diseases give rise to delta waves.
Fig 1.1: General Block diagram of BMI Fig 1.2: EEG Wave
You can create any type of mind controlled robot or machine with the use of “EEG Sensor” and “Arduino”. Information content of EEG signals is essential for detection of many problems of the brain and in connection with analysis of magnetic resonance images it forms one of the most complex diagnostic tools.The Arduino is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheets). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),6 analog inputs 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack ,an ICSP header, and a reset button. The aurdino Kit is readily available in the market can also be used in hardware.
EEG sensor used in machine if used for longer duration of time can cause health issues like brain tumor. But, this can be resolved by focusing on beta waves instead of alpha waves while developing mind controlled robot.
The field of BMI research is growing and developing at great speed. This research has shown that it is possible to develop a reliable, cost-effective and efficient in-home BMI application. The title says that you can control anything with this gadget. Well, controlling a gadget can be break down into these steps: determine what brain data you will need, examine the data by putting the headset on and thinking it, get the data range, write a code ,make a circuit that turns the circuit ON/OFF with transistors and connect the gadget. But, these steps can be performed by one who has at least 5 years of electronic experience as brain data management to control any gadget is not easy as you think.
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